Understanding and Treating ARFID

From Rogers Behavioral Health

The medical and social consequences of Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) are often compared to those seen in other eating disorders such as Anorexia Nervosa. A major difference between ARFID and other eating disorders is that people with ARFID are not overly concerned with body image and are typically not worried about changes in weight.

How does ARFID develop?

ARFID presents in different ways and can develop at any point in life. For some people, a highly selective pattern of eating starts in early childhood, with avoidance of specific foods or new foods, due to texture or taste. This restrictive pattern may make it hard to eat in various social settings or may impact growth and development.
Another way that ARFID can start is with a negative experience surrounding a particular food, such as an episode of choking or vomiting. Avoidance of eating some foods or even at all can start following such an event.
Other conditions that impact appetite may also lead to ARFID since with certain medical conditions, people don’t feel normal hunger cues. For example, sometimes people with depression or anxiety disorders lose interest in eating and then develop a separate problem with their weight and eating pattern that meets the criteria for ARFID. It’s important to recognize that it’s not that someone is choosing not to eat; they’re actually having a different experience with appetite and are impacted by the weight loss or changes in nutrition.
Can a parenting style lead to ARFID or another eating disorder? 

The answer is no.

There are sensory differences in ARFID and traits in other developmental or genetic factors involving metabolism that contribute to eating disorders like Anorexia Nervosa and ARFID. Families may have one child who has the problem and other children who eat with a regular pattern. However, families do play an important role in helping people with ARFID recover.

Does ARFID affect a particular demographic?

ARFID is often diagnosed in children and adolescents, but it can occur in adulthood as well. ARFID affects males and females at around the same rate.

It was first recognized officially as a diagnosable illness in the DSM 5 beginning in 2013; and due to this, research into ARFID is still in progress. Like other eating disorders, however, it can develop regardless of race, gender, wealth, or many societal factors.

Does ARFID have common co-occurring disorders and illnesses?

It’s typical for someone who is diagnosed with ARFID to also have a co-occurring anxiety or mood disorder, or to have a phobia or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). ARFID is more common among people with Autism Spectrum Disorder as well. In addition to co-occurring mental illness, it’s important to consider physical illness that can come as a consequence of or be contributing to poor nutrition. Medical conditions and being underweight can cause things including a low mood and preoccupations.

If there is significant nutritional deficiency, it can lead to weight loss or, for younger people, failure to achieve an expected weight, as well as interference with psychosocial functioning.

What is available for ARFID treatment?

Rogers uses a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure and response prevention and family therapy to treat ARFID. We address nutritional and weight deficits and assist with eating since being underweight may maintain the problem. This approach helps people to tolerate emotional experiences and to change behaviors including avoidance in a step wise way, which helps with getting someone to eat a wider variety of food and in higher quantities.

Finding eating disorder care at Rogers Behavioral Health

Treatment for eating disorders is offered at many Rogers locations across the country – you can call 800-767-4411 for a free, confidential screening.

If you think you may have ARFID or another eating disorder, please take our eating disorder quiz or review our fact page. This is not a diagnosis, but can bring some peace of mind if you are experiencing anxiety over possibly having an eating disorder.

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Nic McDermid (she/her) is a fierce activist, feminist, advocate and content creator whose work focuses on disrupting the dominant discourse around weight and bodies, and challenging the ways in which certain types of bodies are both idolised and idealised.

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Wednesdae Reim Ifrach (They/Them) REAT, ATR-BC, ATCS, LPC, NCC, CLAT, LCMHC, LPCC is Fat, Trans/Non-Binary, Queer, Disabled. They hold a master’s degree in art therapy and their specialities include Their current specialties include gender affirming care, fat and body activism, intersectional social justice, complex trauma and eating disorder treatment.

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SJ (they/them) is a Coach, Consultant, And Soon To Be Social Worker Focused On Fat Liberation Based In Anti-Racism And Anti-Colonialism.

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Patrilie Hernandez is a self-described culture examiner, knowledge sharer, weaver of relationships and ideas. higher-weight, multiracial, neuroatypical, bisexual, genderfluid femme of the Puerto Rican diaspora. They have worked in the health and nutrition sector as an educator, advocate, and policy analyst for over 15 years, which has shaped their understanding of how the pursuit of “health” seamlessly intersects with the built environment, equity, and social justice. It wasn’t until they were diagnosed with an eating disorder in December 2017 that they realized how much of their own disordered behaviors and thoughts around food, health, and bodies infiltrated all aspects of their personal life and career.

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Stacie Fanelli, LCSW is an AuDHD eating disorder therapist who discusses neurodivergence, EDs, intersectionality & treatment reform

Autism and Eating Disorders

Autism and Eating Disorders from our friends at The Emily Program

Note: In this blog, we use identity-first language (e.g., “an autistic individual”) to reflect the preferences of self-advocates who embrace autism as an identity category – a diverse way of perceiving and interacting with the world (Taboas et al., 2022; Bury et al., 2020). However, we recognize that preferences for this language vary; whenever possible, please ask an individual what they prefer.

Living with and treating an eating disorder may be complicated by the presence of a co-occurring condition, particularly when the condition shares characteristics with an eating disorder. One such condition that shares some psychopathology with a disordered eating mindset—and is frequently seen alongside an eating disorder diagnosis—is autism spectrum disorder.

There are a number of factors that increase the risk of disordered eating or an eating disorder in an autistic individual. By looking at the nature of both eating disorders and autism spectrum disorders, we can better understand their relationship and improve the detection, care, and treatment of both conditions.

What is Autism?

Autism, or autism spectrum disorder, refers to a broad range of neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by challenges in social skills, interpersonal communication, and restricted or repetitive behaviors or interests. It’s important to note that autism doesn’t have “one” look. Autism is considered a spectrum disorder, meaning that there are many types and variances in how it presents from person to person.

An autism diagnosis can generally be made around 18–24 months of age, when characteristics can be distinguished from those typical in early development. That said, signs of autism may not be noticed or identified until an individual is much older.

There are many limitations in pinpointing the global prevalence of autism, such as a lack of public awareness, an evolving clinical definition of autism, shortcomings in public health responses, and underdiagnosed populations such as adults, marginalized groups, and those who identify as girls or women. Experts estimate that for every three cases of autism spectrum disorder, there are two additional undiagnosed cases (Fusar-Poli et al., 2020). Recent studies suggest the median prevalence of autism is one in every 100 individuals worldwide (Zeidan et al., 2022).

There is no medical test used to diagnose autism. Rather, a diagnosis is given after observing symptoms and assessing the severity of behaviors. Some of the more common symptoms of autism include:

  • Difficulty interpreting others’ body language, facial expressions, and social cues
  • Narrow or intense interest in certain topics
  • Difficulty speaking, making eye contact, and/or appropriately managing tone of voice
  • Repetitive or ritualistic behaviors
  • Trouble managing and regulating emotions
  • Feeling overwhelmed in social situations
  • Difficulty maintaining a conversation and understanding conversational give-and-take
  • Need for routines and resistance to change
  • Sensory issues, involving either heightened or under-sensitivity to sounds, smells, light, touch, pain, and other stimuli

The Overlap of Autism and Eating Disorders

The relationship between autism and eating disorders is not well known, but it is surprisingly common. We see higher rates of autism—and autism characteristics—in people who have eating disorders. There is a crossover in the underlying neurological underpinnings of eating disorders and autism spectrum disorders. Like eating disorders, autism spectrum disorders are biological, brain-based conditions. Autistic individuals and people with eating disorders share a number of traits, most notably:

  • Inflexible thinking
  • Sensory processing issues
  • Repetitive behaviors
  • Insistence on routines

While we don’t know the precise scope of the intersection between eating disorders and autism, we do know that autism is more prevalent in eating disorder populations than in the general population. It is estimated that 20–30% of adults and 3–10% of young people with eating disorders also have an autism diagnosis (Solmi et al., 2020).

Traits That Could Present a Risk Factor

Despite the high rates of autism in eating disorder populations, autism does not definitively predate someone to an eating disorder. That said, there are certain characteristics that may precipitate disordered eating habits or the development of an eating disorder in those already susceptible.

Sensory processing challenges

One eating-related issue common in autism are sensory processing challenges. This is a characteristic that is often present but not required for an autism diagnosis. Sensory processing challenges include both over-reactivity (a heightened sensitivity to sensory inputs from the environment, such as sounds feeling extremely loud or lights seeming too bright), or under-reactivity (an inadequate reaction to sensory input, such as not noticing that a fire alarm has gone off).

For individuals on the spectrum who have this heightened sensitivity, the texture of foods can be especially significant. A person with heightened sensitivity to the texture of foods might complain that the food they’re consuming is too mushy or too wet, too crunchy or too dry. This sensitivity can have a profound impact on an individual’s food choices, leading them to be very selective about what they will consume on a regular basis. They might be highly attuned to differences among brands of the same food or the cooking style and day-to-day preparation of the food.

This sensitivity to food can lead to a very narrow nutrition profile—one limited to “safe” foods with repetitive flavors and textures. In reducing the range of what is okay to eat, an individual with heightened sensitivity may become undernourished, making it harder for the brain to work effectively and clearly. People who struggle to meet their nutritional needs from food as a result of sensory qualities typically meet the criteria for Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID).

On the flip side, other autistic individuals may struggle with eating because they don’t have a good sense of when they’re hungry or full; they lack interoception, or awareness of what’s happening in their body. People who struggle to be aware of what their body needs may go through spurts of overeating, undereating, or a mixture of both.

Intense interest

Another characteristic common in many autistic individuals is the tendency to dive intensely into an interest. Rather than being interested in a wide variety of things on a surface level, many individuals tend to have one or two areas of all-consuming interest. Autistic individuals who exhibit this pattern may find themselves narrowing in on an obsessive interest in food or weight. Some will be intensely interested in nutrition or physical activity.

Sometimes this focus will turn inwards to a fixation on a particular body type. In pursuit of this interest, an individual may begin tracking their measurements or calorie counting, which are warning signs of anorexia nervosa. It is very likely that an individual with this intense interest and approach may have a limited range of nutrition or very strict, inflexible rules around eating. This puts them at a heightened risk of developing a full-blown eating disorder.

When this narrowed interest in nutrition and the body intersects with a strong desire for things to stay the same (another hallmark trait present in autism spectrum disorders), an individual may struggle deeply with natural fluctuations in weight or shape, particularly during puberty or pregnancy. This may contribute to an all-consuming focus on nutrition intake and body size or shape to ensure their weight is consistent. This inflexible thinking puts an individual at risk of disordered eating or exercise behaviors that do not support their wellbeing.

Ritualism and avoidance to change

It is common for autistic people to have a ritualistic approach to eating. The term “food jag” is frequently used in the autism community, and refers to a tendency to eat the same foods, prepared the same way, every day, and sometimes every meal. These restrictive eating patterns are often displayed in children and may continue into adulthood.

Autistic people may struggle with cognitive flexibility, which can lead to dichotomous thinking about food. Autistic individuals might display a rigid desire for control that manifests in the form of a very limited nutritional palette composed entirely of “safe” foods. This predetermined inflexible eating path could trigger or intensify an eating disorder.

Treating Eating Disorders in Autistic People

The presence of autism spectrum disorder has the potential to complicate a client’s illness, as well as their eating disorder recovery. Research shows that autistic adults tend to experience longer-lasting and more severe eating disorders (Tchanturia et al., 2019). The good news is that autism does not make eating disorder recovery impossible—or even less likely (Nielsen et al., 2015).

The key to achieving full recovery—which is, and has been proven to be, completely possible for autistic people—is comprehensive, individualized treatment that prioritizes the needs of the autistic individual with an eating disorder. Providers must keep the potential presence of sensory issues, intense interests, cognitive inflexibility, and interoception at the forefront of assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. It is essential that eating disorder treatment for an autistic individual is inclusive, enabling, and affirming. Because autism is a spectrum disorder, a treatment plan should ultimately honor and reflect the unique needs of the client.

The Emily Program takes a personalized approach to eating disorder treatment and recovery. Please give us a call at 888-364-5977 or click here to learn more about the individualized care we offer.